Introduction
The field of neurology monitoring has advanced tremendously in recent decades. Non-invasive technologies now allow doctors to gain valuable insights into the structure and function of the brain and nervous system like never before. These advances have ushered in a new era of personalized medicine tailored for each patient's unique neurological condition.

Neurology monitoring provides key diagnostics for conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles. It plays a critical role across various specialties including neurology, cardiology, trauma, and many others. In this article, we will explore some of the key modalities for neurology monitoring and how they are transforming patient care.

Electroencephalography (EEG)
One of the most widely used neurology monitoring tools is EEG. EEG measures and records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. It provides a direct view of brainwaves, cortical networks and signals between brain regions. 215 words

EEG is commonly used for detecting seizures and epilepsy. It can identify seizure foci and EEG patterns that help with diagnosis and treatment planning. EEG also aids in monitoring brain function after injuries, strokes, tumors and infections. It plays a vital role in monitoring anesthesia and sedation depth during surgical procedures. Continuous EEG monitoring in the ICU assists with detecting non-convulsive seizures and reduced brain activity that may require interventions. 237 words

Beyond diagnostics, EEG is helping further our understanding of brain disorders. For example, EEG biomarkers are being identified for conditions like Alzheimer's disease that may eventually aid with early detection. EEG also shows promise for monitoring treatment response in psychiatric illnesses like depression. Advances in EEG hardware and analytical software now allow for more portable, higher resolution and long term ambulatory EEG monitoring outside of clinical settings. 233 words

Evoked Potentials
Another versatile neurophysiology monitoring technique is evoked potentials (EP). EP studies the brain's responses to controlled sensory stimuli like light flashes or sound clicks through electrodes. This provides insights into sensory and motor pathways throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. 248 words

Some common EPs include visual evoked potentials (VEP) which test optic nerve and visual pathway function. VEP aids in diagnosing conditions like optic neuritis or multiple sclerosis that affect vision. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) evaluates hearing and brainstem integrity. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) examine sensory and motor pathways in the limbs aiding diagnosis and monitoring spinal/peripheral nerve injuries. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) help assess motor tracts in spinal surgeries. 247 words

Beyond diagnostics, EPs allow objective assessment of nervous system recovery following injury, inflammation or other insults. They are valuable for monitoring demyelinating diseases, spinal disorders, head trauma and balance/dizziness conditions. EP tests are non-invasive, painless and widely used in neurology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology and orthopedic practices to localize lesions and facilitate treatment decisions. 230 words

Intracranial Monitoring
For some neurological conditions like epilepsy, further insight can be gained through intracranial monitoring using electrodes placed directly on the brain surface or deep brain structures. 376 words

This invasive form of EEG monitoring, known as electrocorticography (ECoG), provides extremely high spatial and temporal resolution of epileptic networks. It is often used when seizures are difficult to capture on scalp EEG or to locate seizure foci for potential resective surgery. Stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) involves even deeper, stereotactically inserted electrodes to monitor seizures arising within mesial brain structures.

Subdural grid and strip electrodes may be placed on the brain surface for up to 2 weeks to continuously monitor seizures. This helps neurologists and neurosurgeons delineate the seizure onset zone versus surrounding eloquent cortex to maximize surgical outcomes. For medication-resistant epilepsy, intracranial monitoring provides invaluable data for both diagnosis and treatment planning.

Beyond epilepsy, it is being explored for monitoring brain function in disorders of consciousness, cortical mapping for tumor resections, and in clinical research studies of cognition, memory and disorders like Parkinson's disease. Though invasive, intracranial EEG offers a unique high-resolution window into both pathological and normal human brain circuits operating in their native environment.

Neurophysiologic Monitoring in the Operating Room
The operating room presents both opportunities and challenges for neurophysiologic monitoring. Careful monitoring is necessary during many neurosurgical procedures to avoid iatrogenic nerve injury and assess motor/sensory pathways in real-time. 232 words

Intraoperative monitoring modalities include somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, electromyography and direct nerve stimulation. These allow surgeons to identify regions of functional cortex and evaluate nerve tract integrity throughout procedures. For example, SSEPs and MEPs are paramount for preventing new post-operative deficits during complex spine and brain tumor surgeries. 214 words

Furthermore, some centers now use real-time cortical mapping with ECoG strips to delineate eloquent cortex during tumor and epilepsy resections. This allows maximum resection while avoiding post-operative neurological deficits. Stimulation mapping may also be done to identify motor/speech areas and their relationships to a lesion. 201 words

Advancements in monitoring equipment now facilitate integrated monitoring suites where EEG, evoked potentials, electromyography and hemodynamics can all be viewed simultaneously. This multimodal approach helps provide the most comprehensive neurophysiologic guidance intraoperatively. With refinements, monitoring continues to improve surgical safety profiles for many neurosurgery and complex spine cases. 248 words

Future Directions
The field of neurophysiologic monitoring will surely continue to progress and integrate with other technologies. Wearable EEG systems allow for extended ambulatory recordings outside hospitals. Mobile apps now facilitate remote EEG/EP consultations. Optogenetics may eventually enable manipulating neural circuits with light while monitoring. Combining EEG, MEG, DTI and fMRI also yields more powerful multi-modal brain mapping. 230 words

On the horizon, paradigms like high-density EEG, electrocorticography grids, indwelling neural sensors promise to revolutionize our understanding of both normal and pathological brain function at unprecedented resolution and precision. Emerging technologies may one day facilitate true intracortical recording, bidirectional brain-computer interfaces and even direct stimulation treatments for conditions like epilepsy. 243 words

Neurophysiologic monitoring techniques provide invaluable insights into the human nervous system. As technologies continue merging with data analytics and therapeutic applications, they will undoubtedly transform patient care and help uncover secrets

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